London:Measures
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| The original ratio between corn and wine gallon is 9¼²:6·3½² = 1369:1176, but 268.8:231 <!--= 2<sup>6</sup>·3·5<sup>−1</sup>·7:3·7·11--> is exactly 64:55<!-- = 1.1(63)--> or ca. 13:11. This approximation is still applicable, although the ratio of 1.164 115 646 slightly changed to 1.163 647 186 with current definitions (268.8025:231 = 107521:92400 ~= 1344:1165). | The original ratio between corn and wine gallon is 9¼²:6·3½² = 1369:1176, but 268.8:231 <!--= 2<sup>6</sup>·3·5<sup>−1</sup>·7:3·7·11--> is exactly 64:55<!-- = 1.1(63)--> or ca. 13:11. This approximation is still applicable, although the ratio of 1.164 115 646 slightly changed to 1.163 647 186 with current definitions (268.8025:231 = 107521:92400 ~= 1344:1165). | ||
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| + | ==Alexander Justice, ''General Treatise &c.'' (1707), "A General Discourse of the Weights and Measures"== | ||
| + | |||
| + | [...] By the 27th Chapter of the Magna Charta, the Weights and Measures are ordered to be the same all over England, and to be according to the King’s Standard, of Weights and Measures, kept in the Exchequer, by a special Officer of the House call’d, The Clerk, or Comptroller of the Market. | ||
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| + | All Measures whatsoever, are either Receptive of Applicative. | ||
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| + | The Measures of Capacity, or Receptive Measures, are again comprehended under the Denomination of Liquid, and dry Measures.|<2> | ||
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| + | The Liquid for, Wine, Brandy, Vinegar, Cyder, Beer, Ale, and such other Goods. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Dry, for Grains, Salt, Coals, and such like. | ||
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| + | Applicative Measures are either, | ||
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| + | The Yard, Ell, Cane, Aune, and other such Measures, for Linnen and Wollen Cloth, Silks, Laces, Ribbons, and other such Goods. Or, | ||
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| + | The Inch, Foot &c. for Wood; or the longer Measures of that Nature, for Land, &c. | ||
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| + | Not to speak of the Fractions of an English Pint, which are not worth the mentioning in a Book of Trade, the Reader may observe, That 2 Pints make a Quart, 2 Quarts a Pottle, and 2 Pottles a Gallon; which Measure contains 282 solid Inches, and holds of Rain-water 10 Pound, 3 Ounces, or a little more, Avoirdupois Weight; 8 Gallons make a Firkin of Ale, 2 Firkins make a Kilderkin, 2 Kilderkins a Barrel, and 12 Barrels a Last. | ||
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| + | It is otherwise in measuring of Beer; for those small Measures for Ale and for Beer be the same, whereas they reckon but 8 Gallons of Ale, they count 9 of Beer to the Firkin; 2 such Firkins to the Kilderkin, and 2 Kilderkins to the Barrel. One Barrel and a half, or 3 Kilderkins, or 6 Firkins, or 54 Gallons of Beer, make Hogshead of Bear; Two Hogsheads make a Pipe or Butt, and two Pipes a Tun, consisting of 1728 Pints, weighing that many Pounds. | ||
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| + | The Wine Measures are smaller than those for Ale and Beer, to which they bear the same Proportion as 4 to 5; so that 4 Gallons of Ale or Beer, are very near 5 Gallons of Wine. And each Gallon of Wine is 231 Cubical Inches, and holds 8 Pound, 1 Ounce, and 4 Drachms, Avoirdupois Weight, of Rain-Water; 18 of these Gallons make a Runlet, 42 a Tierce, 53 a Hogshead, 84 a Punchion, 126 a Pipe, or Butt, and 252 a Tun. | ||
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| + | One Pint of Wine weighs 1 Pound; ½ Ounce Troy; and a Tun 1700 Pound Averdupois. | ||
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| + | Note, What we generally call a Tierce, in speaking of Wine Measure, is one third part of a Punchion, and 1/6 (?) of a Tun. | ||
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| + | Formerly they made use of the Wine Measure for Beer, Ale, Cyder &c. But now that is forbid under severe Penalties, and none but the Winchester Measure is used. And as for Vessels, in which Beer, Ale, &c. are contain’d, there is a Statute 23 H. 8. giving Power to the Wardens of the Ministry of Coopers within|<3> the City of London. To Search and Gauge all Vessels made for Ale, Beer &c (and also for Soap) to be sold within the City, Suburbs, or two Miles thereof; and examining their Contents an Weights, and finding them right, to mark them with St. Anthony’s Cross. | ||
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| + | [to be continued] | ||
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| {{Weights and Measures}} | {{Weights and Measures}} | ||
Revision as of 08:47, 11 July 2006
| 1 foot | = | 1 1/3 span = 3 hands = 4 palms = 12'' [inches] = 120''' [lines] = 30.48006 cm (exact U.S. survey measure)/ regular modern equivalent: 30.48 cm. |
| 1 mile | = | 8 furlongs = 320 poles = 880 fathoms = 1056 paces = 1408 ells = 1760 yards = 3520 cubits = 5280 feet = 1609.347 m (exact U.S. survey measure)/ regular modern equivalent: 1609.344 |
| 1 league | = | 3 miles = 4.828 km. |
| 1 wine gallon (1706) | = | 4 quarts = 8 pints = 231 cubic inches, i.e. 3.785 liters |
| 1 hogshead | = | 63 wine gallons = 238.455 liters |
| 1 quarter (dry quantities, 1696) | = | 2 combs = 4 strickes = 8 bushels = 32 pecks = 64 gallons = 128 pottles = 256 quarts = 516 pints = 281.9 dm³ |
| 1 pound [medical] | = | 12 ounces = 240 pennyweight = 373.24 g. [used for noble metals, and medicine] |
The wine gallon, which some sources relate to the volume occupied by eight medieval merchant pounds of wine, was at one time defined as the volume of a cylinder six inches deep and seven inches in diameter, i.e. 6·3½²·π = 230.90706 in³. It had been redefined during the reign of Queen Anne, in 1706, as 231 in³ exactly (3 × 7 × 11 in³), which is the result of the earlier definition with π approximated to 22⁄7. Although the wine gallon had been used for centuries for import duty purposes there was no legal standard of it in the Exchequer and a smaller gallon (224 in³) was actually in use, so this statute became necessary. It remains the U.S. definition today.
The original ratio between corn and wine gallon is 9¼²:6·3½² = 1369:1176, but 268.8:231 is exactly 64:55 or ca. 13:11. This approximation is still applicable, although the ratio of 1.164 115 646 slightly changed to 1.163 647 186 with current definitions (268.8025:231 = 107521:92400 ~= 1344:1165).
Alexander Justice, General Treatise &c. (1707), "A General Discourse of the Weights and Measures"
[...] By the 27th Chapter of the Magna Charta, the Weights and Measures are ordered to be the same all over England, and to be according to the King’s Standard, of Weights and Measures, kept in the Exchequer, by a special Officer of the House call’d, The Clerk, or Comptroller of the Market.
All Measures whatsoever, are either Receptive of Applicative.
The Measures of Capacity, or Receptive Measures, are again comprehended under the Denomination of Liquid, and dry Measures.|<2>
The Liquid for, Wine, Brandy, Vinegar, Cyder, Beer, Ale, and such other Goods.
The Dry, for Grains, Salt, Coals, and such like.
Applicative Measures are either,
The Yard, Ell, Cane, Aune, and other such Measures, for Linnen and Wollen Cloth, Silks, Laces, Ribbons, and other such Goods. Or,
The Inch, Foot &c. for Wood; or the longer Measures of that Nature, for Land, &c.
Not to speak of the Fractions of an English Pint, which are not worth the mentioning in a Book of Trade, the Reader may observe, That 2 Pints make a Quart, 2 Quarts a Pottle, and 2 Pottles a Gallon; which Measure contains 282 solid Inches, and holds of Rain-water 10 Pound, 3 Ounces, or a little more, Avoirdupois Weight; 8 Gallons make a Firkin of Ale, 2 Firkins make a Kilderkin, 2 Kilderkins a Barrel, and 12 Barrels a Last.
It is otherwise in measuring of Beer; for those small Measures for Ale and for Beer be the same, whereas they reckon but 8 Gallons of Ale, they count 9 of Beer to the Firkin; 2 such Firkins to the Kilderkin, and 2 Kilderkins to the Barrel. One Barrel and a half, or 3 Kilderkins, or 6 Firkins, or 54 Gallons of Beer, make Hogshead of Bear; Two Hogsheads make a Pipe or Butt, and two Pipes a Tun, consisting of 1728 Pints, weighing that many Pounds.
The Wine Measures are smaller than those for Ale and Beer, to which they bear the same Proportion as 4 to 5; so that 4 Gallons of Ale or Beer, are very near 5 Gallons of Wine. And each Gallon of Wine is 231 Cubical Inches, and holds 8 Pound, 1 Ounce, and 4 Drachms, Avoirdupois Weight, of Rain-Water; 18 of these Gallons make a Runlet, 42 a Tierce, 53 a Hogshead, 84 a Punchion, 126 a Pipe, or Butt, and 252 a Tun.
One Pint of Wine weighs 1 Pound; ½ Ounce Troy; and a Tun 1700 Pound Averdupois.
Note, What we generally call a Tierce, in speaking of Wine Measure, is one third part of a Punchion, and 1/6 (?) of a Tun.
Formerly they made use of the Wine Measure for Beer, Ale, Cyder &c. But now that is forbid under severe Penalties, and none but the Winchester Measure is used. And as for Vessels, in which Beer, Ale, &c. are contain’d, there is a Statute 23 H. 8. giving Power to the Wardens of the Ministry of Coopers within|<3> the City of London. To Search and Gauge all Vessels made for Ale, Beer &c (and also for Soap) to be sold within the City, Suburbs, or two Miles thereof; and examining their Contents an Weights, and finding them right, to mark them with St. Anthony’s Cross.
[to be continued]
